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Christianity, nationhood and the rise of Christian Nationalism

Understanding the changing European landscape of religion and politics.

Unite the Kingdom rally

In recent times, conversations about identity, nationhood, faith, and belonging have become increasingly charged.

At times like this, where assumptions are easy to make, we are seeking to understand what Christian nationalism actually is – and what it isn’t. What is driving the rise of nationalist movements and rallies? Where does Christianity fit into all this?

Using extensive polling and analysis, we are investigating the intersection of Christianity and national identity across the UK and Europe.

Behind the headlines and social media outrage, lies a picture that is far more nuanced than public debate would have us believe.

 

About the project

This is a two–year project researching, analysing, and appraising the rise of Christian nationalism worldwide.  

Building on existing academic work, and developing new quantitative and qualitative research, the project will seek to answer a number of interlinked questions concerning this important and growing phenomenon The research will cover the UK and up to seven other countries, integrating primary and secondary studies, including polling, interviews, and evaluation of media, social media, campaigns, rallies and manifestos. 


Reports

Beyond “Christian nationalism”: Measuring attitudes to Christianity and Britishness today

 

In–depth

Christian Nationalism: an explainer – What is Christian nationalism?

How big is Christian Nationalism in the UK? – Our preliminary findings from polling and analysis.

Brexit 10 years on: What does it mean to be British today? – What people in the UK believe is important when they think about British identity.

 

In brief

On Nationalism: are you proud of Britain? (You really should be)

Frame or picture? What we saw at Tommy Robinson’s Unite the Kingdom Carol Service

“Christ, Culture, Country”: Unfurling the Flags of the Unite the Kingdom Rally

 

Podcasts 

What can the history of nationalism tell us about the future? In conversation with Eric Storm

What is (American) Christian nationalism? In conversation with Andrew Whitehead

How do politicians weaponise Christianity? In conversation with Tobias Cremer

How is Buddhist nationalism transforming Asia? In conversation with Sonia Faleiro

How does the Far Right weaponise the Bible? In conversation with Hannah Strømmen

Is this the end of woke? In conversation with Andrew Doyle

What is the truth behind immigration? In conversation with Alan Manning

What does England owe to Christianity? In conversation with Bijan Omrani

 

Media 

“Put the Christ back in Christmas” BBC Radio 4

Tommy Robinson says he found Jesus in prison. Churches disagree about how to respond The Guardian

We want to listen to your concerns, Christians tell ‘Unite the Kingdom’ marchers the Church Times

Church Going, with Giles Fraser BBC Radio 4

From black–clad agitators to an appeal for ‘Tommo’s Mum’: an unsettling week with the Patriot Platform The Guardian

 

About the Theos/RED C research

Data integrity is critical to our research. If you’re interested in this, you can find our Methodology, Panel Integrity and Data Quality Explainer here.

Download the questionnaire developed with RED C and administered in UK, France, Germany, Poland, Hungary and Romania here.

Download the data tables here.

 

Mailing list 

Want to stay up to date with our work on Christian nationalism? Sign up here to receive this research straight to your inbox upon its release.

 

This research is led by Nick Spencer and undertaken by Yinxuan Huang, George Lapshynov, Hannah Rich, Nathan Mladin, and Coco Huggins. It is funded by The Ideas Workshop which is part of Open Society Foundations. 

Authors

Nick Spencer

Nick is Senior Fellow at Theos. He is the author of The Landscapes of Science and Religion (OUP, 2025), Playing God: Science, Religion and the Future of Humanity (2024), and Magisteria: the entangled histories of science and religion (Oneworld, 2023). Nick is host of the podcast Reading Our Times.

George Lapshynov

George is a Researcher at Theos. He holds degrees in International Relations and History & Politics from the University of Glasgow. He is interested in the place of wisdom in contemporary politics and has published articles on the history of sacred music.

Hannah Rich

Hannah joined Theos in 2017. She is a senior researcher working on theology and economic inequality. She is the author of ‘A Torn Safety Net’ (2022).

Nathan Mladin

Nathan joined Theos in 2016. His research, speaking, and writing focus on the philosophical foundations and ideological matrix of Artificial Intelligence, and the anthropological and social impacts of AI systems.

Coco Parkinson–Huggins

Coco is a researcher at Theos. She also works across the research and comms teams on policy and impact. She recently completed a PhD in UK benefit policy at the University of Cambridge and has published research on austerity and local government, and the role of media and literature in the formation of social imaginaries.


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