Theos

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Motherhood

An introduction to Theos’ work uncovering the spiritual, social and political impact of motherhood.

Motherhood: it’s the ultimate political question.

It is the foundation of every society in human history. Mothering sits at the heart of the most contested cultural questions of our time such as gender and identity, birth rates and ageing populations.

Despite this, Western societies render mothers near invisible. All too often motherhood is overlooked, oversimplified and under–researched. 

Becoming a mother triggers a profound inner shift. It confronts questions of identity, mortality, freedom, and meaning in ways few other experiences do. That transformation goes beyond the private sphere. The effects ripple outward into families, communities, workplaces, and politics in ways we are only beginning to understand.

We believe that a society that understands motherhood better could be a more humane, generous, and equitable one.

Research 

Our flagship report in partnership with Bible Society, Motherhood, Inside Outis available now. 

Analysis of the main quantitative findings from our UK motherhood research, Motherhood, Inside Out: The Story in Numbers

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Animation

What makes a mother? A short animation by Emily Downe exploring matrescence, the often unseen and deeply personal metamorphosis of becoming a mother. This film reimagines ancient wisdom for contemporary motherhood, offering language, beauty, and recognition to an experience many feel, but few can name. A new mother is in a process of radical change – morphing, transforming, transcending. But does anybody see her?

Events 

In April, more than 150 women attended our event at St Giles Church, Camberwell to explore a question that’s both deeply personal and publicly important: what makes a mother?

The evening offered space for mothers to reflect on their experiences of pregnancy, birth, grief and more through music, liturgy and panel discussion.

Catch the recording of the panel conversation with Theo Clarke MP, Lucy Jones, Chine McDonald, Rev Alice Watson, and Dr Madeleine Pennington.

Podcast 

Our 4–part docuseries Motherhood vs the Machine hosted by Chine McDonald and Dr Madeleine Pennington unpacks motherhood and its relationship with technology – past, present and future.

Listen to all episodes here. 

Blogs

Introducing ‘Motherhood vs the Machine’

Media

Would you ‘grow a baby’ in a bag?

In defence of artificial wombs

I love being a mother but there is a dark side


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Authors

Marianne Rozario

Marianne joined Theos in February 2022 and is the author of several Theos reports including Creating a Neighbourhood Health Service (2025), Moving on Project: Wraparound Survivor Support (2025), and co–author of Ashes to Ashes (2023). She holds a PhD in International Relations exploring the notion of Catholic agency in international society through the University of Notre Dame Australia, as well as a MA(Hons) in International Relations from the University of St Andrews. She is an Honorary Researcher for the Benedict XVI Centre for Religion and Society, and a former Lecturer for St Mary’s University.

Rhiannon McAleer

Dr Rhiannon McAleer is Director of Research and Impact at Bible Society. She writes and speaks on contemporary Christianity, spirituality and Bible engagement and has a PhD in Islamic Studies from the University of Exeter.

Madeleine Pennington

Madeleine is Head of Research at Theos. She holds a doctorate in theology from the University of Oxford, and previously worked as a research scholar at a retreat and education centre in Philadelphia. She is the author of ‘The Christian Quaker: George Keith and the Keithian Controversy’ (Brill: 2019), ‘Quakers, Christ and the Enlightenment’ (OUP, 2021), and various Theos reports.

Chine McDonald

Chine McDonald is a writer, broadcaster and Director of Theos. She is the author of ‘God Is Not a White Man: And Other Revelations’ and ‘Unmaking Mary: Shattering the Myth of Perfect Motherhood’. She is vice–chair of Greenbelt Festival, and a trustee of Christian Aid and Demos.

Eona Bell

Eona joined Theos as Research Assistant in 2025. She has a PhD in Anthropology from the LSE and has conducted research on family life and cultural transmission in the Chinese diaspora. Beyond academia, Eona has many years’ experience supporting children and families in church contexts, and delivers training in childhood spirituality with the charity Godly Play UK.


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Theos researches and investigates the intersection of religion, politics and society in the contemporary world.

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